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Title: Textual Opportunities for Creative Charge Bargaining and the Unequal Consequences of Criminal Case Outcomes by Nationality

Abstract: This study examines the impact of the federal immigration enforcement system on criminal case proceedings of the state court system, especially through the heightened risk of deportation based on criminal conviction. A background of this question is the US Supreme Court’s monumental decision to allow criminal justice stakeholders to “creatively” negotiate which offense of conviction will be used for non-US citizens, which would have different consequences on immigration. The present study explores what this pattern of creativity looks like, when it is more salient than others, and what consequences this creative bargaining brings. Based on data accessed via the California Department of Justice, this study finds that non-US citizens, and especially Mexican citizens, were more likely to be convicted of a crime than US-citizens, yet this difference is mainly driven by non-criminally deportable convictions. Moreover, this pattern is more salient when the convicted charge has a more ambiguous label than the original charge at arrest, which allows non-US citizens to bypass criminal deportation at the expense of accepting conviction. This finding implies that the threat of criminal deportation places noncitizens in disadvantaged positions in plea bargaining processes. Moreover, this pattern is shaped by state legal codes as cultural objects making certain ways of plea bargaining more plausible than others.

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/

PCS meets on Tuesdays at 12:30–2:00 PM in Room 8108, Sewell Social Sciences Building.

You can also join on Zoom:

https://uwmadison.zoom.us/j/95716324807?pwd=eEtDZDAxaHo4TXdiWmZiSUNsRTRPZz09

Meeting ID: 957 1632 4807

Passcode: 441214

Contact Chaeyoon Lim (chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu) or Anna Milewski (aomilewski@wisc.edu) with questions.

Website: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/pcs/